Eliot s The Love Song Of J. Alfred Prufrock - 1051 Words

Many may wonder what, if any, significant differences and similarities one could find in a poem and a song that was composed almost 100 years apart. At first sight, nothing, but after one has analyzed all the elements, in turns out to be more than it may have first appeared. In T.S. Eliot’s The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock, we read the ramblings of a middle aged man who loathes himself and never takes any risk in his life. In contrast, Garth Brook’s Standing Outside the Fire, is more about inspiring others to take those risk otherwise one is not really living. With many decades between the two, we see many different poetic devices especially with one being simply a song and the other a poem. As well as, a difference in the authors styles and life. Although, even if the works are unique in their poetic ways with only slight similarities, both explore taking chances or risk in life and the consequences of not taking any. First, there is a difference at the very beginning, in the titles. T.S. Eliot’s title is very misleading. It prepares one for a â€Å"Love Song,† but instead gives them the confusing rambles of a lonely man (Eliot). â€Å"Love Song† in the title for the poem is nothing more, but ironic (Eliot). While in Brook’s Standing Outside the Fire, is a metaphor for what the entire song is about. He’s saying when one stands outside the figurative â€Å"fire,† they are not really living their life to the fullest (Brooks). Thus, he is setting the listener up for what the entire songShow MoreRelatedEliot s The Love Song Of J. Alfred Prufrock Essay1502 Words   |  7 Pagesdeveloped sense of anxiety over what others will think or the rest of society will decide that they must do something to deal with this individual’s status. The characters of Homer in William Faulkner’s â€Å"A Rose for Emily† and Prufrock in T.S. Eliot’s â₠¬Å"The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock† are both portrayed as cultural outsiders. Although the reason that they are seen as cultural outsiders is different, neither one of the characters is truly accepted by the rest of the societies that they live in. ThereforeRead MoreEliot s The Love Song Of J. Alfred Prufrock1777 Words   |  8 Pagestaken directly from the primary readings. Early 20th-Century Poetry: Analyze and describe the character T.S. Eliot creates in â€Å"Prufrock.† What aspects of early twentieth-century society does the speaker of T.S. Eliot’s â€Å"The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock† represent? â€Å"The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock† by T.S. Eliot is a poem about a man who is extremely insecure with himself. Prufrock, the main character, obviously has major insecurity issues especially when it comes to women. He is very awkwardRead MoreThe Love Song Of J. Alfred Prufrock, By T. S. Eliot927 Words   |  4 Pages â€Å"The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock† by T. S. Eliot is an internal monologue set in 20th century England. The speaker of this poem, Prufrock, is an unhappy, middle aged man in great distress. The poem begins with Prufrock at a rich, upscale party, leads to the Red Light District, and ultimately ends at the beach. Prufrock is in great distress for a number a reasons. He is enduring a personal Hell or labyrinth. Prufrock has an abundance of time on his hands and is suffering from dreadful boredomRead MoreEliot s The Love Song Of J. Alfred Prufrock1330 Words   |  6 PagesT.S. Eliot’s â€Å"The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock† focuses on the estranged Prufrock, who attempts to gather courage to declare his love. With Prufrock’s constant hesitation and frequent digressions from his main subject, Eliot writes an atypical love poem. The awkward diction and melancholy tone written in the stream-of-consciousness style, however, is actually highly appr opriate for the modernist style. Modernism arose during the early 1900s as a result of the fast-paced life and innovation thatRead MoreThe Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock is a Poem Written by T. S. Eliot1058 Words   |  4 Pages â€Å"The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock† is a poem written by T. S. Eliot in 1911. Prufrock is a fictional character with the poets intended audience being fictional as well. In this poem, Eliot uses multiple forms and meters in this monologue, rhyming couplets that have a song like quality while other lines are more like a free verse with no regular meter. Along with blank verse, the poet uses iambic meter which is also used by one of Eliot’s favorite authors, Shakespeare. This poem dramatizesRead MoreAnalysis Of. Eliot s Love Song Of J. Alfred Prufrock967 Words   |  4 PagesIn T.S. Eliot’s Love song of J. Alfred Prufrock, Prufrock invites the reader on a journey with him through his story of love, or love that never was. He speaks to the reader as his love l ost and asks her to stick with him on his journey through time, to learn why their love never transpired. He begins by showing her his decisions as a young adult, optimistic and confident in time, to prepare for her. Time goes by, he is now middle aged and insecure of his appearance, now in fear of her rejectionRead MoreAnalysis Of The Love Song Of J. Alfred Prufrock1386 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"The Love Song of T.S Eliot† In â€Å"The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock† the reader can clearly understand that T.S Eliot is straightforward as one can get within a poem. In the beginning of the poem, one can infer that Prufrock is being used as a facade to convey Eliot’s inner self who is an introvert that doesn’t quite fit in with the modern day society. â€Å"Prufrock† sees his personal life as a burden that he cannot mend while he tries to conform into the middle class society that everyone views asRead More T.S Eliot’s Preludes and The Love Song of J.Alfred. Prufrock, are examples1059 Words   |  5 PagesT.S Eliot’s Preludes and The Love Song of J.Alfred. Prufrock, are examples of modernist poetry which illustrate the concerns of modernist poets. Explain how the poetry you have studied reflects some of the major concerns of its context? In your answer refer closely to two poems by T.S. Eliot. T.S Eliot’s Preludes and The Love Song of J.Alfred. Prufrock, are examples of modernist poetry which illustrate the concerns of modernist poets. The modern era, which lasted between 1885 to 1940Read MoreThe Love Song Of J. Alfred Prufrock1647 Words   |  7 Pagesseen in T.S. Eliot’s work The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock. The main character, Prufrock, plans to ask the woman he loves the overwhelming question of marriage, but due to his pessimistic outlook, he became hesitant and self conscious. Surges of insecurity arise, and instead of proposing his love, Prufrock delays the question and spends the night talking nonsense to avoid the situation. In the end, Prufrock’s insecurities and fear of rejection alter his feelings of love into a sense of emotional protectionRead MoreThe Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock1729 Words   |  7 PagesThe Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock The dramatic monologue â€Å"The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock was written by Thomas Stearns Eliot and published in June of 1915. Eliot was born in St Louis, Missouri on September 26, 1888, where he grew up and lived until the age of eighteen. After high school, Eliot studied at Harvard University in Cambridge, MA and the Sorbonne in Paris, France. Eventually, Eliot ended up in England where he married his wife Vivien and spent the remainder of his life

Impact of Social E-commerce Variables on Customers Shopping Behavior

Question: Discuss about theImpact of Social E-commerce Variables on Customers Shopping Behavior. Answer: Introduction The current trends of e-commerce websites and online shopping have created an immense impact on the minds of the consumers. The social commerce is one of the fastest developments throughout the e-commerce mainly developed by the effective use of the social media platforms and its primary motive is to empower the interaction of customers throughout the internet connectivity. This paper focuses on evaluating the impact of e-commerce on the online shopping behavior of consumers. Moreover, it becomes very crucial for each of the individuals concerned to understand the desired application of the e-business as this has generated an immense impact on consumers purchasing behavior. There are certain factors which influence the decision-making processes of the consumers and especially for online shopping (Belk, Askegaard, Scott, 2012). Moreover, it has been seen that the users of social media are increasing on large numbers and this has provided the desired platform for the companies to util ize the e-commerce technology to enhance their business methods. The use of the social media platforms is used as means of effective promotions for the services and products provided by different companies. There are certain contemporary issues related to the execution of the e-commerce technologies and this is highlighted through this paper. The literature of the e-commerce will reflect its different aspects regarding the execution and the development of the business processes within the targeted market areas. Moreover, the customers are found to have more befitted from the use of e-commerce websites (Cheng Choi, 2010). It becomes very crucial for any of the individuals to look upon the advantages along with the disadvantages of the e-commerce technology as this generates enormous impact on the shopping behavior of all of the customers. In order to understand the desired impact of the e-commerce on the shopping behavior of the consumers, the most important are to identify the diff erent e-commerce models and the application of the e-commerce technology. E-commerce Literature The literature reflects the fact that social commerce is the newest technology as well as the subset of the e-commerce which enables the different consumers to generate the content. Different consumers have different choices and the uses the use of the social commerce have brought the desired changes to connect people with the online shopping and purchase ("E-Commerce Times: E-Business Means Business", 2016). It has been seen that the social media users are increasing rapidly and it has set up the platform for the different companies to reach the customers directly as to evaluate the selling of their products. One of the benefits is the utilization of time of the concerned consumers; the online shopping with the help of e-commerce technology has brought desired change for the consumers. The researchers have critically evaluated the fact that the interaction of the business man with the customers helps in convincing them regarding the selling of the concerned goods and services. The s ocial commerce constructs reveal the online experiences of the consumers by different social media platforms towards offline mode in order to make more interaction with the customers (E-Commerce, 2015). The customers have the benefit as they can utilize their valuable time in doing their own work while in between which they can place their orders by using the internet on their laptops, computers or mobile phones. There has been an effective pricing strategy as the prices for the products are fixed low in comparison with the other shopkeepers available throughout the market segments. Moreover, these advantages help the different concerned firm in influencing the behavior of the customers regarding the online shopping ("What is Consumer Behaviour - Meaning, Concepts, PPT", 2016). Therefore, the customers can easily be attracted toward the online websites of different companies with the help of suitable strategies from different social media platforms. Explanation of E-commerce Models The e-commerce models can be categorized as B2B, B2C, C2C, C2B, B2G, G2B and G2C where b stands for business, c for consumers and G for the government. Theses business models are basically formed on the different business requirements. The business to business model explains that the products are sold to a buyer from which the products are resold to the final customers. It can be understood from an example that the wholesalers purchase the products from the companys website and then resell the items to the customers (Fontinelle, 2013). Most important, B2B and B2C are followed and used by most of the well-known firms. The B2B particularly reflects the selling of the product with the help of a media and this increases the prices to some extent for the concerned customers. Whereas, the B2C business model sells the products of the particular organization to the customers directly and this has been used in large numbers as thus helps in reducing the prices of the products and the customer s can easily avail the products at a lower price ("Googles latest accomplishment: refining marketing practice", 2012). There exist different options for the customers to select the products as per their choice and order the same. On the other hand, the consumer to consumers reflects that business model according to which the customers sell their products directly to the customers such as their assets like scooters, fridge, televisions, mobile phones etc. Application of the Theory and Reflection The business to business to consumers models are seen to be widely used throughout the different market segments and the concepts of these need to be critically utilized by different firms as to enhance the selling of their respective products to the concerned customers. the planning and formation of the effective strategies are considered to be of great importance for the different firms to sell their products to the customers, whereas the consumers need to identify and evaluate their product requirements and they should not get influenced by the different firms regarding their particular purchase ("Home - Ecommerce Europe", 2016). It becomes very crucial for the customers to understand the desired aspects of the e-commerce models and theories as it will help in improving the shopping experiences (Hoyer, Pieters, MacInnis, 2013). There are certain factors for influencing the process of decision-making of the buyers and these needs to be evaluated by the consumers as to make the eff ective decision for their particular purchase. The Effect of Social Constructs on the Consumers Behaviors in the E-Business As per many of the well-known researchers, it has been found that the development of the different social media platforms like the reviews, ratings, forums, communities, recommendations and the referrals have significantly affected the behavior of the consumers towards the e-commerce business. The effects of the ratings, as well as the reviews from the different customers, create an enormous impact on the execution of the business processes of the different e-commerce companies. Moreover, people sometimes get influenced towards h best ratings the reviews posted for a particular product by the different other audiences. Furthermore, it has been evaluated that the ratings and reviews critically helps a person to select the best quality of the products at a reasonable price. The use of the recommendations and the referrals from the social media websites eventually plays the most crucial role in influencing the behavior of the consumers. The posting of the reviews regarding a particular goods or products throughout the different social media platforms influences the behavior of the consumers regarding the purchasing of the products. There exists section for the reviews from the customers regarding their desired purchase from the different e-commerce platforms and therefore this needs to be enhanced in order to increase the efficiency of the concerned business processes. The intention of the buyers and their trust are two of the crucial elements which help the e-commerce platforms in selling their respective products. On the other hand, the effective use of the social constructs from the different firms will help them in providing the desired elevation in their respective business process. The product review is supposed to be of great importance for the client as it helps them in selecting the desired product as per their need and thus, it can be said that the different social constructs generate the significant impact on the behavior of the consumers regarding the purchase of their goods from the different e-commerce websites. Description and Analysis of the E-commerce E-commerce has been the most vital tool for the development and expansion of the business process of many of the companies online (Perreau, 2013). The use of the social media platforms by a large number of the users have made it clear that the online shipping can be made easier if the people from of the social media are attracted towards the business. There are certain issues with the e-commerce websites such as lack of the planning, bad designing along with poor usability, not an effective promotion or misplaced promotions, slower performance, coding errors, security along with the hacking issues, delivering of the cheap products and contents described for the different products. The lack of the reliability of the website's design affects the selling of the products and thus, this is supposed to be one of the major issues (Reny, 2015). The security and the hacking issues should be resolved for the online payments as these affect the purchasing of the products by the customers by doi ng online payments. These are some of the implications of the issues of e-commerce that needs to be rectified as to enhance the overall performance of the firm within the confined market segments. The different e-commerce models highlight that the product can be directly sold to the customers or it can be sold with the help of wholesalers. Basically, the business to business and business to consumer business models are evaluated on a larger platform (Schiffman, Kanuk, Wisenblit, 2010). Some of the best examples of the e-commerce business firms are Amazon, eBay etc. these firms have established their respective business processes in more than 10 countries throughout the world and therefore it becomes very important to understand the different business strategies of these firms related to the e-commerce technology. Summary of Literature The literature critically evaluates the fact that e-commerce has been the most promising technology which helps the firms to sell their respective products directly to the customers (Standard, 2016). The users of social media have increased in large numbers and therefore the business through e-commerce has been very easy for the different companies to sell their concerned products throughout different parts of the world. There are some of the crucial issues of the using of e-commerce that needs to be rectified and reduced in order to expand the confined business practices of the different organizations thin the targeted market segments ("What Is Consumer Behavior in Marketing? - Factors, Model Definition - Video Lesson Transcript | Study.com", 2016). Reliability and the effectual designing of the e-commerce website are of great importance as it directly appeals to minds of the customers regarding the use of the website for the particular purchase that is going to be done by the con cerned customer. Moreover, there are different business models that should be understood in order to execute the business processes concerned with the only shopping. Conclusion Online retailing and the digital marketing needs to be more improved as these creates an enormous impact on the consumers related to the selling of the products. The paper presents the preferred impact of the e-commerce on the shopping behavior of the consumers; the most imperative is to identify the diverse e-commerce models and the application of the e-commerce technology. There are some of the e-commerce models which should be understood before the execution of the online shopping business. These models are B2B, B2C, C2C, C2B, B2G, G2B and G2C. B2B and B2C are followed and used by most of the well-known firms. The B2B particularly reflects the selling of the product with the help of a media and this increases the prices to some extent for the concerned customers. The business to business model explains that the products are sold to a buyer from which the products are resold to the final customers. Consumers have different choices and the uses the use of the social commerce have br ought the desired changes to connect people with the online shopping and purchase. The conclusion can be made that the current trends changes towards the world of online shopping and there are some of the contemporary issues regarding the development of the e-commerce that should be reduced as to increase the productivity and the profitability rate of the concerned organization. References Belk, R., Askegaard, S., Scott, L. (2012).Research in consumer behavior. Bingley, U.K.: Emerald. Cheng, T. Choi, T. (2010).Innovative quick response programs in logistics and supply chain management. Berlin: Springer. E-Commerce Times: E-Business Means Business. (2016).Ecommercetimes.com. Retrieved 24 October 2016, from https://www.ecommercetimes.com/ E-Commerce, W. (2015).What Is E-Commerce?.Business News Daily. Retrieved 24 October 2016, from https://www.businessnewsdaily.com/4872-what-is-e-commerce.html Fontinelle, A. (2013).Electronic Commerce - commerce.Investopedia. Retrieved 24 October 2016, from https://www.investopedia.com/terms/e/ecommerce.asp Googles latest accomplishment: refining marketing practice. (2012).Journal Of Consumer Marketing,29(3). https://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jcm.2012.07729caa.002 Home - Ecommerce Europe. (2016).Ecommerce Europe. Retrieved 24 October 2016, from https://www.ecommerce-europe.eu/ Hoyer, W., Pieters, R., MacInnis, D. (2013).Consumer behavior. Mason, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning. Perreau, F. (2013).The 4 factors influencing consumer behavior.Theconsumerfactor.com. Retrieved 24 October 2016, from https://theconsumerfactor.com/en/4-factors-influencing-consumer-behavior/ Reny, P. (2015). A Characterization of Rationalizable Consumer Behavior.Econometrica,83(1), 175-192. https://dx.doi.org/10.3982/ecta12345 Schiffman, L., Kanuk, L., Wisenblit, J. (2010).Consumer behavior. Boston, Mass.: Pearson Prentice Hall. Standard, B. (2016).Search.Business-standard.com. Retrieved 24 October 2016, from https://www.business-standard.com/search?type=newsq=E-commerce What Is Consumer Behavior in Marketing? - Factors, Model Definition - Video Lesson Transcript | Study.com. (2016).Study.com. Retrieved 24 October 2016, from https://study.com/academy/lesson/what-is-consumer-behavior-in-marketing-factors-model-definition.html What is Consumer Behaviour - Meaning, Concepts, PPT? (2016).Managementstudyguide.com. Retrieved 24 October 2016, from https://www.managementstudyguide.com/what-is-consumer-behaviour.htm

Nuclear Energy Essays - Nuclear Technology, Energy Conversion

Nuclear Energy From Theory to Practice The nuclear age began in Germany, in the 1930s in the lab of chemist Otto Hahn. Hahn was attempting to produce radium (In great need during the war) by bombarding uranium atoms with neutrons. To his surprise, he ended up with a much lighter element, barium. That was 1938, This started the race for the power of the atom. Just four years later Canada entered nuclear age in cooperation with the british. Wartime, 1942: The British wanted a safe place to conduct nuclear experiments; Since their country feared invasion by the nazi's or bombing attacks, Canada provided the haven the british needed in return for a opportunity to work in the project. The leader of the team that crossed the atlantic to Canada was Hans von Halban, who along with Dr. Lew Kowarski had escaped from the Institute Du Radium in Paris one step ahead of the invading german army. They took the world supply of 200 Kg of heavy water with them to Canada. Having pioneered the chain reaction using uranium and heavy water, the scientists applied their knowledge and their heavy water to the new Canadian nuclear industry. On September 5th, 1945 near Ottawa the team started up the first operating nuclear reactor outside the USA. Of course, the output was minuscule, but the significance was immense; the principal of getting energy from splitting atoms in a controlled chain reaction (fission) was established beyond doubt. It was now the job of the scientists and engineers to put it to a practical use. Nuclear Reactors A nuclear reactor is a device which produces heat. In a nuclear power station, the reactor performs the same function as a boiler in a conventional coal, gas or oil-fired station. Whether from a conventional boiler or a nuclear reactor, heat is required to turn water into steam. The steam is used to spin large turbines which in turn drive generators that produce electricity. A reactor creates heat by splitting uranium atoms. This is called 'Nuclear reaction' or 'Fission'. When the nucleus of an uranium atom is stuck by a neutron travelling at the right speed, it splits into fragments which separate rapidly and generate heat. It also gives off a few, new neutrons. In order to sustain a continuous nuclear reaction, the speed of these neutrons must be slowed down, or moderated. CANDU reactors use heavy water (Deuterium Oxide is called heavy water because it is heavier than normal water by about 10%), Thus the reactor is named CANDU, for (CAN)ada (D)euterium (U)ranium. During Fission (the process used in nuclear reactors) some of the atom breaks up, and energy is released. On average, 80% of the released energy is carried off by the fragments in the form of kinetic energy. The other 20% is collected by the heavy water in the form of heat. The core of a CANDU reactor The core of a reactor is contained in a large cylindrical tank called the 'Calandria'. The calandria contains a series of tubes that run from one end of the calandria to the other. Inside the calandria tubes are smaller tubes which house fuel bundles containing natural uranium in the form of ceramic pellets. Heavy water is also used as the reactor coolant and is pumped through the tubes containing the fuel pellets to pick up heat generated from the reaction. The heated, heavy water travels to heat exchangers to produce steam from ordinary water. This cooled heavy water is recycled back to the reactor. The steam is then piped to conventional turbines and generators that produce electricity. In this way the nuclear reactor is separate from the equipment used to produce electricity. Viable solutions for Energy needs Annually, the demand for energy in Ontario increases by 5%. In response to this increase, Hydro companies around Canada facing similar situations have the responsibility of meeting the increase, usually by adding to their arsenal of generators. The question which is brought up at this point is how to do this most effectively in terms of impact on the environment, cost, efficiency and several other aspects. In the case of Ontario Hydro, they have chosen to expand on the method which appears to be best: nuclear power. (Note: All of the following data on nuclear generating stations is based on information on Canada's CANDU plants.) There are four main competitors in the energy race, but only two of them are 'technically viable' Those right now are Nuclear and fossil fuels. Of the other two, Solar energy is

Appendix C Essay

Appendix C Essay Appendix C Essay Associate Level Material Appendix C Outcomes of the Revolution Part 1 Complete the grid by describing each military event and explaining its relationship to the outcome of the Revolutionary War. Military Event Description Relationship to the Outcome of the Revolutionary War Concord and Lexington Two battles on April 19th 1775. British troops were sent to capture John Hancock and Samuel Adams. With advance warning they were waiting to ambush the British in Lexington when they came to attack. A relatively small battle this event was important as it marked an increase in the hostilities between Britain and America. Start of the Revolutionary War. The battle at Concord and Lexington was a key event that helped the American colonies win their independence from the Britian. Fort Ticonderoga A fort on Lake Champlain and location of the American Revolutions first victory. This victory also supplied them with crucial supplies. Key victory that boosted morale and provided equipment that would prove monumental in the early movement against the British. Second Continental Congress Gathering of colonial leaders to formulate a response to the battles of Lexington and Concord. Ultimately they agreed to support the war and this meeting went on to shape the battle against Britain by deciding key targets in the war. The Second Continental Congress was responsible for adopting the Declaration of Independence. They were key in the battle against Britain as they helped to manage the war and establish early forms over government which would serve as the foundation for who we are today. Key gathering that was responsible for the Declaration of Independence, Articles of Confederation, and was key in organizing the battle against Britain and establishing our early government. Bunker Hill First large scale battle in the Revolutionary War. As a result enlistment into the military increased and opposition to the British increased. While a loss to the American army it marked a key rallying point for the American revolution and an increase in military enlistment and opposition to the British. Quebec First large loss for the continental army and a failed attempt to use propaganda against the British. While it represented a loss to the American army the battle did result in a treaty with France and an increase in our relationship with them. Lake Champlain A lake in North America on which Fort Ticonderoga is located. This was a key victory for the colonial army. Key crossing point between the American/British and French Canadian territories and a strategic victory for the continental army. Trenton Surprise attack lead by General Washington that boosted moral and provided needed supplies. Key event that had little strategic significance but served as a turning point due to the increase in morale at a crucial time period. Saratoga Key turning point in the war for the Americas. By winning this battle the American colonies were able to convince other countries such as France and Spain to ally with them against Britain. Provided a major dent in the aura of invincibility of the British army, proved that the underdog continental army could win key battles and provided the needed proof for other countries to join the fight against Britain. Valley Forge Location where the continental army resided during 1777-1778. A harsh winter which had a hard impact due to poor supplies and shelter. Harsh winter location of the continental army, but also birthplace for the strategy that would go on to win the Revolutionary war. Cowpens Key victory for the continental army in the south. Not only did it result in a victory but it went on to inspire the colonies. It weakened support for the British among their loyal subjects in the American colonies. Pivotal point in the war as it shifted moral in opposite directions for the

Marketing and management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Marketing and management - Assignment Example 1 Advise on Internal Marketing for Rosemary and Her Staff Members Development in Internal Marketing In simple words, marketing can be referred as identifying and meeting human as well as social needs. Appropriate and excellent marketing are the ingredients of success for business in modern times (Kotler, 1972). The importance of marketing needs should be well communicated to Rosemary and her staffs. The behaviour of Rosemary and her staff members can be changed with the strategy of social marketing. This strategy combines excellent factors from traditional approach towards the social changes within an integral plan and framework for action and also utilizes and advances towards the technology and marketing skills (Pichop & Mndiga, 2007). Social marketing is applied to influence people towards their behaviour in improving their health, protecting environment and contributing to the society (Kotler & Et. Al., 2002). This strategy of social marketing will assist in development in the ma nagement of staff members. Rosemary King should apply this strategy as the organization is dealing in the health care sector. There is evidence of the application of this strategy in this sector and it has achieved success as well. The social marketing strategy follows systematic procedure that allows enhancing efficiency of the marketing activities. In the first phase of the strategy, the social marketing environment is determined. In this process, the program that needs to be focused is determined, the objective is identified, and an analysis of strength, weakness, opportunity and threat (SWOT) along with reviews are done. In the second stage, target audience are identified and selected with set of goals and objectives and then the competitive forces and target audiences are analyzed. After this, market’s four Ps (Product, Price, Place and Promotion) are analyzed to suit the best marketing strategy. After completion of these stages, development of plan for monitoring and ev aluation is designed, budgets and sources of finance are identified and finally implementation is made (Kotler & Et. Al., 2002). Customers have been an important factor and their needs and wants ought to be identified appropriately in order to provide their requirements. Marketing has been centrally customer focused and Rosemary also needs to follow the same strategy and see that the staffs also try to identify the exact requirements of customers and provide them the desired requirements (Rust & Et. Al., 2004). There are conflicts in situations where owner-manager deals directly with customers. In this situation, solving the problem is a long process and it requires more time. In this case, Rosemary being the owner manages marketing activities and takes every marketing decision. The organization has now grown bigger and she needs to hire executives to manage the market efficiently. This will reduce the conflicts among staffs, owner and customers (Armstrong, 2010). Marketing manager will motivate the management and staffs. Appointment of marketing manager by Rosemary will allow the manager to plan and

Thurgood Marshall and his impact on the American civil rights movement Term Paper

Thurgood Marshall and his impact on the American civil rights movement - Term Paper Example He is recognized for making contributions to race and gender equality as well as the rights of an accused. He was born on 2 July 1908 in Baltimore, Maryland and attended the Samuel Coleridge Taylor Elementary School and Booker T. Washington Junior High. Thurgood Marshall’s parents were mulattoes who could trade their ancestry to a nineteenth-century Congo slave who have caused much trouble for his master that he was set free. The former slave was Thurgood’s Marshall’s great grandfather. Thurgood Marshall’s father was a waiter and amateur writer while his mother was a schoolteacher. During his elementary years, Thurgood Marshall â€Å"was best remembered† to be on the front row so teachers could see him closely. He was also described as to have â€Å"enjoyed teaching the girls while he was in school†. According to Thurgood Marshall, himself, he was born Throughgood Marshall but after growing tired of spelling his long first name, he shorted his name to Thurgood when he was in second grade. Thurgood Marshall had revealed that although they had lived on a respectable street but behind them were â€Å"back alleys where the roughnecks and the tough kids hung out.† Further, Thurgood Marshall had revealed that every dinnertime, his mother had to go to the front door to call her brother but had to use the backdoor to call him for dinner. 12 In 1921 to 1925, Marshall attended the Colored High and Training School that became the Frederick Douglass High School in 1923.13 The Colored High and Training School was known as an all-black school with no school library, no cafeteria, and no gym when Thurgood Marshall was enrolled.14 The school was â€Å"so overcrowded that half-day sessions were held to accommodate all students†. 15 Students in the school were divided based on perfor mance and Marshall had belonged to the best students of the school.16 Nevertheless, Marshall was known as a prankster and his â€Å"antics† usually sent him to punishment.17 The main form of punishment then was to put the punished in the school basement to memorize the US Constitution.18 From the experience, Marshall recounted later, that came to know the US Constitution by heart.19 Marshall was a figure on the high school campus because of his participation and success in his school’s debate team.20 Marshall married Vivian Burey in 1923.21 In 1924, he graduated from high school at the top three of his class after maintaining a grade of B average. 22 In 1930, Marshall graduated cum laude from the Lincoln University in Lincoln, Pennsylvania.23 Lincoln University was known as the â€Å"Black Princeton† because it was founded and ran â€Å"by the same Presbyterians who ran Princeton University†. 24 In Lincoln University, despite graduating at the top of his class, many thought he never studied.25 One friend even described him as someone who was the least likely to succeed.26 In Lincoln University, Thurgood Marshall was known as a great pinochle player, fan of cowboy movies, and connoisseur of comic books. 27 On his second year in the university, Marshall joined the Alpha Phi Alpha, a fraternity described as â€Å"elite† and composed of â€Å"mostly light-skinned boys†.28 Thurgood Marshall was known to have â€Å"enjoyed† hazing the younger students and â€Å"did so in such an aggressive manner that he got kicked out school, along with 25 other sophomores†.29 However, Marshall and the rest of his companions were readmitted after they wrote and sign a confession of admission to the University.30 Marshall initially intended to attend the University of Maryland Law School but found out that only two black students had graduated from the law school in Maryland. 31 Further, he

To what extent was independence a gift from Britain Essay Example for Free

To what extent was independence a gift from Britain Essay On 14 of August 1947, Prime Minister Nehru spoke of the handover of power being a moment in history, when we step out from the old to the new. This message, coming from one crucial in the independence movement, unsurprisingly carries connotations of Independence coming through the actions of Indians, with a sense of growth alien to British interests and control. In contrast to the violent upsurge against the French in Indo-China, the reasons behind the annexation of India from the British Empire are both subtle and complex. While in a violent uprising it is relatively simple to discern that power has been taken, rather than given, the non-cooperation tactics employed in India clarifies little. The steady rise in pressure from Indian nationalists in conjunction with the apparently hurried withdrawal in 1947 have lead to a belief that Britain was effectively forced out of India. Whilst a possibility, this must however be regarded in relation to Britains changing objectives in an alien world to that of the early ideology of the Raj. In terms of historiography, two divergent views can clearly be discerned. That of the neo-imperialist presents independence as a nurtured gift of British benevolence. Exponents of this theory such as Sir Percival Griffiths point out that, other ruling powers have abdicated after defeat in war or as a result of successful insurrection, but it was left for Britain to surrender her authority as part of a process of devolution which had been operating for some time. While as a superficial judgement this statement proves true, for Britain did never lose complete control, it does perhaps insinuate a control in withdrawal that is inconsistent with the hurried exit of 1947. The concept of a state abdicating control of an advantageous situation by its own volition makes little sense, nor is there any precedent for this policy before the First World War. Statements of Lord Hardinge in 1912 boldly spoke of the permanence of British rule in India1 and so the neo-Imperial stipulation of plans for devolution, which had been in operation for some time cannot wholly be upheld, indeed it was not until 1942 that any affirmative time scale was introduced, or so claims the Nationalist interpretation. Here the Cripps offer of 1942 is seen as a post dated cheque by the Indian scholar Sumit Sarkar2, and independence is presented as seized from Imperial Britain by virtue of irresistible pressure by congress and its allies. This too however must also be seen to be draw from only a partial reading of events. As Griffiths points out, British control, though strained and tested, was not broken. Power was not seized, but granted by an act of the imperial parliament at Westminster. As such these polarized interpretations can be seen to reflect only half-truths, simplistic interpretations of a long and complex road to Indian freedom. In broad terms certain factors must be established and accepted, such as the vital and necessary role of a nationalist movement calling for independence. The claim that states do not willingly give up occupation must be considered in relation to possible economic motives, with the role of resistance within states leading to economic loss also taken into account. Due to statements such as that of Lord Hardinges in 1912, it must be conceded that Britain initially desired to continue the Raj before the First World War, however this cannot not be accepted de facto there onwards. One possible explanation for Britains withdrawal in 1947, which suggests independence was given willingly, is the diminishing importance of India and South East Asia. Both politically and economically Britain was, by 1947, deeply evolved in the Middle East. The oil-rich nature of many of these nations contrasted sharply with lack of Indian productivity for, as Lord Wavell specified, India will never, within any time we can foresee, be an efficient country3. This sentiment from the Viceroy in 1944 could be dismissed as simply seeking to save face except that it is from a private document to Prime Minister Churchill, and so can be seen as a reliable insight into the direction of British thought. The later mention of India possibly becoming a running sore which will sap the strength of the British Empire4 further suggests the lack of any economic basis for Britain holding onto India. One of the primary reasons for this was that the prosperity and efficiency of the Raj rested with an Indian populace that, even by 1941, was only 7% literate. Not only is this figure inconsistent with the British desire for efficiency, when coupled with a lack of self sufficiency (on average between 1930-40 once every four years around three million tons of grain had to be imported to avert famine, 4.27 million in 19365) this clearly illustrates part of Indias economic weakness. Nevertheless, the fact that literacy was rising and these problems were not new, clearly indicates that economic inefficiency did not give immediate rise to any British need to quit India. Instead, the role of trade, particularly in the rapidly changing post war situation, is far more significant. Crucially it is here that major profit is made, and Britains dominance was in decline. In contrast to Britains pre-war6 profits from cotton trade imports to India of à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½37.9 million7, the rise in imports from Japan and America (by some 400% overall8) can be linked with the decline in cotton trade profits to à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½27.2 million in 1919, a shift that Lawrence James terms as a fracture9 to the Anglo-Indian economic inter-dependency. This is perhaps the most accurate reflection but of greater interest is the à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½100 million of British War debt that the Indian Government assimilated in return for being able to tax Lancashire cottons. This ability to obtain concessions from the British Government due to its financial constraints illustrates both Britains decline as a world power and thus Indias rising parity. Furthermore, the fact that after World War Two India passed from being Britains debtor to its creditor acutely reflects the gradual decline in the strength of Britains economic grasp over India. Coupled with the realisation that it was no longer necessary to have political control as a prerequisite of stable trade, the economics of Britains situation appears to make withdrawal beneficial. The prospect of a repetition of the costly insurrection of 1942 and of Muslim separatism exploding into civil war threatened not only further financial loss, but also to expose the weakened state of the ICS10 and other agencies of coercion. As Ian Copland suggests, with its shrinking resources Britain may well have wished to extricate itself from its responsibilities in India11. Britains steel frame of institutions such as the ICS, the Indian Army and the Police force had become seriously degraded, effectively loosening control over and within India. The move therefore to not fund a mass of inefficient bureaucracy whilst still profiting from trade, would be a shrewd one. Declining profitability is perhaps the strongest evidence for independence being a gift from Britain, with India being a net liability that had to be cast off according to R.F.Holland12. Although the situation was not as extreme as that of the Congo, where Belgium simply withdrew after the 1958 Copper Crash, a downward economic spiral can be clearly discerned. Hollands thesis cannot be automatically assumed for, as Anita Singh asserts, India was the key to achieving equality with the superpowers and reviving her war torn economy13. Economically, Hollands synopsis bears a closer relation than that of Singh to the dwindling profitability of India, especially in the post war climate, however it would be naà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ve to see this as the only significant factor. While Indias economic role disputed, its importance surpassed its financial value for, as Howard Brasted assesses, to have left would have accelerated the loss of Britains global influence14. Hollands point is not entirely moot and economic loss can perhaps be best seen as a contributory factor to independence, along with other reasons ranging from the United States led ideological shift away from imperialism to Labours priority of primarily focusing on Britains recovery. Whilst its value may have been that it softened a British resolve that was never predominantly altruistic, its significance is eclipsed by the strength of nationalism in India. The oil rich Middle East was Britains primary concern in terms of economic recovery and the inefficiency of India only exacerbated this. Wavells condemnation of a possible future running sore refers not only to this inefficiency, but also the increasingly detrimental effect of both peaceful and militant nationalists. In contrast with the 300 million Indians, there were only around 400,000 British in control. As Lawrence James suggests the Raj was never a totalitarian state which could do what it liked when it chose15. Throughout its history the Raj operated under powerful constraints such as the costs of its armed forces and administration16, thus the importance of Indians in running the country as a whole correlates to their importance in economic factors. In this light, it cannot be said that nationalist pressures (as opposed to direct action by Congress which had a significant impetus with regard to taxation) had a large impact on the economics of Britain and India but economics c an be seen to have greatly aided nationalism. Stemming from the days of the East India Company rule, the free-trade policy favoured Britain and stifled the growth of Indian post war industry. Congress opposition to free trade was, as Brasted states protectionism in all but name17, and therefore appealed to Indian industry. This perhaps best highlights the value of the economy to the Indian nationalist movement and eventual independence. Excluding terrorist insurgence such as that of 1942, nationalist action rarely directly affected the British economically, but rather helped to arouse the Indian population. Lord Lytton referred to the Indian peasantry as an inert mass and if it ever moves at all, it will not move in obedience to its British benefactors18. Thus economic reform was used a platform with which to arouse the masses and make evident that it was Congress, and not the Raj, which spoke for the people. Ghandi in particular must be assessed in this light as many of his policies attempted to mobilise Indians and sting the British, in some cases over economic issues. Both his Satyagraha of non-cooperation and salt tax march were attempts to defy British rule by disregarding financial laws to aid the nationalist cause. While non-cooperation illustrates the attempt to economically cripple the country, Ghandis salt tax march does perhaps reveal a more potent defiance. In reality, the salt tax march was rather bagatelle in terms of economic effect, only reducing East Indian Company profits by 2%. Instead, its significance lay in that the tax symbolised the power and intrusiveness of the Raj19. President Roosevelts talk of a prejudicial reaction on American public opinion not only if India is not allowed to secede after the war, but also if Britain is unwilling to concede the right of self-government20must be seen as significant when considering Britains economic and military dependence. This also reflects the discrepancy between Britains position and the ideological shift away from imperialism. The war against expansionist powers such as Germany and the post World War One promotion of self-determination in Europe had a dramatic effect upon the political psyche; particularly under a Labour government, the foundations upon which the Raj were built were becoming unfashionable. The symbolic attacks were also designed to arouse Indians, bringing awareness to issues that Ghandi saw as repressive, and that the populace had accepted de facto. Initiatives, even down to Ghandi only wearing a homespun dhoti (loin cloth), sought to arouse the Indian peasantry by appealing to their needs thus generating growing political awareness. The nature of Indias eventual independence as an official handover makes evident the dominance and eventual success of this peaceable strain of nationalism. Rather than seeing this as an emancipation of the Indian populace from a repressive Raj, it was instead an ignition of political thought on a grand scale. Consequently, by visually illustrating that he and Congress spoke for the common man the Raj could be undermined, thus negating the only justification for imperialist rule. Actions such as Nehrus arrest after the salt tax march demonstrated repression but it was the widespread support that was crucial. The fact that it was an over emphatic response that caused an end to the initial 1922 Satyagraha, showed the ripe state of nationalist support far removed from the inert mass that Lyttons prophecy was based on. Ghandis association and appeal to the common Indian through these policies led to Congress membership increasing from 100,000 in 1920 to over two million by the end of 1921. This rise in support was crucial in exerting political pressure on the British and led to the overwhelming majority of Congress in the 1936 elections. This delivered the tangible evidence for Congress to claim to speak for the Indian people instead of the Raj. A single party taking over 70% of the vote is overwhelming by modern standard however, its significance surpasses this obvious assessment. Whilst marking the strength of Congress, it also testified to the unity of much of India, an area that could not even be conceived of as being one nation before British rule. This fact stands as a tribute to British rule however it was also part of its undoing. The unity that the Raj encouraged in terms of centralising and homogenising the police and other services gave rise to a sense of cohesion within India that had not existed before; it is only under these circumstances that nationalism could exist and so enable Congress to gain a 76% majority. The general rise of mass protest would put vast moral and eventually economic pressure on Britain however threat of such large crowds turning to violence also appealed to some nationalists. While the 1857 Mutiny was a violent expression of anger, it is not until insurgence in 1905 that such actions were distinctly nationalistic. Similarly, events such as the 1913 assassination of Lord Hardinge, while reflecting Indian discontent, did not offer a serious threat to British rule. In contrast, the violence and delay to supplies in the 1942 Quit India movement did seriously affect the Raj, so much so that the Royal Air force fired upon rioters. Similarly, the formation of the Indian National Army under Subhas Chandra Bose21 to fight with Japan reflected not only the depth of nationalist convictions, but also the sense of nationhood within India. This growth of violence made military suppression the only antidote. Indian nationalists and the British alike had however realised that, the day has passed when you can keep India by the sword.22 The Amritsar Massacre of 1919 had demonstrated to the nationalists the resolve of some British to maintain control in India. Such actions united Indian opposition and considerably weakened the justification for British rule in India. Not only had the increasing association of Indians within the ICS weakened British control, oppressive policies were not in the nature of the Raj for the British people would not consent to be associated with repression23, as Lord Wavell specified. Instead of this physical control, political measures such as the Government of India Acts of 1919 and 1935 were employed in satiate nationalist agitation. Claims of historians such as Griffith that devolution had been planned for some time can be seen in the 1917 British Secretary of States announcement of developing self-governing institutions of a responsible government however crucially such moves also talks about India as an integral part of the British empire24. The Montagu-Chelmsford report reflection that nationalism will grow and that in deliberately disturbing it we are working for her highest good, is a frank admission that, as Anita Singh observed, British policy aimed to put off independence to the kalends25. The failure to dissolve nationalism despite concessions aimed at satisfying the legitimate aims of all but the most advanced Indians26 meant that reforms aimed at forestalling Congress pressure, instead intensified it. According to Ian Copeland this increasing demand led to constitutional reforms being used as a bargaining chip27 and this view appears to be an accurate reflection upon the development of British policy. Reforms such as the Government of India Act of 1935 and in particular the Cripps offer of 1942, were direct responses to nationalist pressures which as Wavell and the British realised by the end of the war had laid down a course from which we cannot now withdraw28. Such reforms cannot therefore be seen as British i nitiatives but rather as tactics to delay what, by the time off the mass civil disobedience of the 1942 Quit India movement, had become inevitable. Despite Churchills promise during the war that he did not intend to allow the liquidation of the British Empire, historians such as Howard Brasted have instead argued that the war did in fact slow the transfer of power, and not cause it29. This point is however hard to substantiate. It must be remembered that it was as late as1935 that the Government of India Act ensured the power of the Raj through the Viceroys power of veto over Indian legislation. There was perhaps a growing realisation before the war that India would have independence however all reforms up to this point suggested a slow transferral and there is little evidence to support a change in foreign policy. Some reasons for the withdrawal in 1947 were also as ignoble as the previous methods of rule. Whilst the Raj had often employed divide and rule30 tactics, the dominance of Congress over the Princes, the threat of Muslim-Hindu violence and even the financial reasoning for pulling out can be seen as less than altruistic. To condemn Britain with regard to economics is unfair as it war forced into the situation by the war but moreover to condemn Britain leaving because of its declining control is unwarranted. Far from being reproachable, to say that the Raj was forced to end by the growth of nationalism is not to automatically decry British policy. Congress dominance in the 1936 elections followed by their success in government, justified independence by demonstrating the capability of Indians to administer themselves. In Macaulayesque31 terms Britains task was complete, for Congress growth and success exploded any myths of British racial superiority. To say that this manner of leaving gives credit to the British is not to denigrate the achievement of Indians who did have to overcome the stalwart resistance of the Raj . The timing of independence, while aided by factors such as the war, was an Indian success and not a British gift. However, to end here is to wrongfully deny any British benevolent contribution. In leaving, Britain left a considerable legacy of democracy and education that is as significant today as it was in 1947. Nationalist leaders such as Ghandi, Nehru and even Bose were all Oxbridge educated and perhaps even nationalism indirectly must reflect positively upon the British, for it is only due to the Raj that as vast an area as India developed a sense of cohesion. There are as many, if not more negative aspects of British imperialism (especially to modern day sensitivities) however Britains decision to withdraw denotes much of its rule. In contrast to situations such as Frances catastrophic attempt to control Indochina, Britains lasting legacy and indeed gift was that it left peacefully. The timing was not Britains however certain aspects and its very nature are to be appreciated for, as Trevor Royle32 suggests, it is one of the Rajs enduring strengths that when the time came to go they departed with exemplary grace and dignity. Bibliography J.Brown Modern India, OUP Sir P.Moon, Wavell: the Viceroys Journal- OUP Lawrence James, Raj- Abacus R.F.Holland, European Decolonisation Macmillan Anita Singh, The Origins of the Partition, OUP Lady Balfour, Personal letters of Robert First Earl of Lytton, Longmans Ian Copeland- India- Longmans S.Wolpert, Morley and India California University Press T. Royle , The Last Days of the Raj Cambridge University press Sarkar, Modern India Macmillan The Economist, 5 April 1919 Modern History Review, Volume + No. 2, November 1990 Words- 2,987 Orig- no edit 3,385 1 J.Brown Modern India, OUP 1985, p. 197 2 Sarkar, Modern India, Ch.6 3 Lord Wavell to Churchill, Oct 1944 Sir P.Moon, Wavell: the Viceroys Journal, p. 94 4 Ibid. 5 Lawrence James, Raj Part Five, chapter 3 6 World War I 7 1913-14 8 The Economist, 5 April 1919 9 Lawrence James, Raj Part Five, chapter 5 10 Indian Civil Service, originally British dominated but increasingly Indianised 11 Ian Copeland , Raj p.85 12 R.F.Holland, European Decolonisation 13 Anita Singh, The Origins of the Partition, OUP, Ch. 7 14 Modern History Review, Volume + No. 2, November 1990 15 Lawrence James, Raj Epilogue 16 Ibid 17 Modern History Review, Volume + No. 2, November 1990 18 Lady Balfour, Personal letters of Robert First Earl of Lytton, Longmans, pp.20-1 19 Lawrence James, Raj Part four, chapter 2 20 Roosevelt to Churchill, 1942- in India by Ian Copeland, p.111 21 Leader of Congress in 1938 and Cambridge educated 22 Lord Chelmsford, 1919 James, Raj, p. 23 Lord Wavell to Churchill, Oct 1944 Sir P.Moon, Wavell: the Viceroys Journal, p. 94 24 Government Announcement of Aug. 1917, Ian Copeland- India, p.96 25 Anita Singh, Modern History Review, Volume + No. 2, November 1990 26 S.Wolpert, Morley and India, p.139 27 Ian Copeland, India, p.29 28 Lord Wavell to Churchill, Oct 1944 Sir P.Moon, Wavell: the Viceroys Journal, p. 94 29 Modern History Review, Volume + No. 2, November 1990 30 Using Princes and Muslim pressure groups to counter Congress 31 Lord T. Macaulay, MP in 1830s and altruistic promoter of education within India whos thoughts generated much of Kiplings work and set up a number of schools. 32 T. Royle , The Last Days of the Raj, p.281